Escala de conocimientos sobre úlceras de pie diabético CUPD-35: elaboración y propiedades psicométricas en enfermeras de Colombia / Diabetic Foot Ulcer Knowledge Scale CUPD-35: development and psychometric properties on Colombian nurses

Introducción: Las enfermeras tienen un papel esencial en la prevención y en el manejo de las úlceras de pie diabético, por lo que es importante su formación para que tengan conocimientos actualizados. Disponer de escalas para medir de forma fiable estos conocimientos es de utilidad para los programas formativos. Objetivo: Elaborar y obtener propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir los conocimientos de enfermeras sobre prevención y tratamiento de úlceras de pie diabético. Metodología: Primera fase de elaboración de los ítems de la escala y validación de contenido por panel de expertos. Segunda fase de prueba de campo mediante encuesta a una muestra de 500 enfermeras de hospital y clínicas de heridas en Colombia. Se realizó un análisis mediante modelos de Rasch y validación de constructo mediante test en grupos conocidos. Resultados: La versión inicial de la escala con 48 ítems tuvo adecuada validez de contenido. Tras la prueba de campo y el análisis Rasch se obtuvo la versión final con 35 ítems (CUPD-35) con buenos índices de ajuste y alta fiabilidad (0,97). La puntuación media de conocimientos en esta muestra de enfermeras fue de 28,2 (un 80,2% de la máxima puntuación), lo que indica un buen nivel de conocimientos. Conclusiones: La escala CUPD-35 es un instrumento fiable y válido para medir conocimientos sobre úlceras de pie diabético en enfermerashispanohablantes.(AU)

Introduction: Nurses play an essential role in the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, so it is important that they are trained to achieve up-to-date knowledge. Appropriate and reliable tools to measure knowledge are useful for planning training programmes. Objective: To develop and obtain the psychometric properties of a new scale to measure nurses’ knowledge of diabetic foot ulcers prevention and treatment. Methodology: A first phase of item development and content validation by an expert panel. A second phase with a survey of a sample of 500 nurses in Colombia working in hospitals or wound clinics. Analysis using Rasch models and assessment of construct validity by a test of known groups. Results: The initial 48-item version of the scale showed adequate content validity. The survey and Rasch analysis resulted in the final version with 35 items (CUPD-35) with good fit indices and high reliability (0.97). The mean knowledge score of this sample of nurses was 28.2 (80.2% of the maximum score), which means a good level of knowledge. Conclusions: The CUPD-35 scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring knowledge of diabetic foot ulcers in Spanish-speaking nurses.(AU)

Evaluation of the Use of Project-Based Learning in the Nursing Degree.

Project-based learning (PBL) is a teaching methodology that allows students to acquire knowledge and competencies through the completion of projects that respond to real-life problems. The aims of this study were to evaluate the acquisition of knowledge of students of the Aging Nursing subject through a PBL-based intervention and determine the degree of student satisfaction with the use of this methodology. A mixed, quasi-experimental, pre-post study was conducted without a control group using an educational intervention based on PBL and descriptive phenomenology with content analysis of the experiences reported after it. A knowledge questionnaire about nursing homes was administered before the start of the intervention. After using PBL to carry out the subject project, the same knowledge questionnaire and an ad hoc questionnaire on satisfaction, assessment, and improvement aspects were administered. In total, 111 nursing students participated. The difference in knowledge after the educational intervention was significant. The mean pre-intervention score was 5.56, SD 1.50, and the mean post-intervention score was 7.14, SD 1.59, (p = 0.001). In total, 74% of the students stated that they were very satisfied with the use of this methodology. The students had a positive perspective on the process of acquiring knowledge that PBL allows. The students improved their knowledge about the planning and management of nursing homes with the use of the project-based learning teaching methodology. They were very satisfied with said activity. Teachers must be adequately trained for the correct implementation of this teaching methodology. This study was not registered.

Uso de la metodología de paquete de cuidados (care bundle)aplicada a la prevención de lesiones por presión adquiridas en hospital en pacientes adultos: revisión exploratoria / The care bundle approach applied to the prevention of hospital acquired pressure injuries in adults: a scoping review

Objetivo: Explorar el estado del conocimiento sobre la metodología del paquete de cuidados (PCuid) en la prevención de lesiones por presión adquiridas en hospital en pacientes adultos. Metodología: Revisión exploratoria en 10 bases de datos bibliográficos. Se incluyeron las publicaciones relacionadas con pacientes adultos ingresados en unidades de hospitalización convencional. Se realizó una descripción narrativa sin análisis de la calidad metodológica. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 31 artículos de diferentes diseños de investigación, identificando 9 PCuid. Como resultados cuantitativos, se obtuvieron reducciones de la incidencia de lesiones por presión desde el 8 al 90%, en la prevalencia del 37 al 94%, o incrementos en el número de días sin lesiones por presión desde el 50 al 59%. Otros efectos fueron un aumento del 36% en la utilización de la escala de Braden para la valoración del riego de lesiones por presión, o la mejora de cumplimentación de los registros de lesiones por presión del 13%. Desde el punto de vista cualitativo, los profesionales consideraron la aplicación de un PCuid como factible y aceptable, destacando como beneficios el aumento de la comunicación, los conocimientos y la participación en la prevención de LPP. Los pacientes consideraron la aplicación del PCuid como aceptable al aumentar su participación en el cuidado, favorecer la interacción con el personal y proporcionar información fácil de entender. Conclusión:La metodología del PCuid mejora la prevención de LPP en adultos hospitalizados. Son necesarios más estudios y de mayor calidad para valorar su efectividad. Resultaría recomendable estandarizar el uso de un único indicador de resultados que permitiera la comparación entre PCuid con distintos contenidos, preferiblemente la incidencia o la prevalencia de lesiones por presión adquiridas en el hospital (AU)

Objective: To explore the state of knowledge regarding the care bundle (CB) approach in the prevention of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (PI) in hospital wards in adult patients. Methodology: Scoping review from 10 bibliographic databases. Publications related to adult patients admitted to conventional hospital wards were included. A narrative description was made without analysis of methodological quality. Results:31 articles were selected with different designs, identifying 9 CB. As quantitative results, reductions in the incidence of PI were obtained from 8% to 90%, in the prevalence from 37% to 94%, or increases in the number of days without PI from 50% to 59%. Other effects were a 36% increase in the use of the Braden scale for the assessment of PI risk, or a 13% improvement in the completion of PI records. From a qualitative point of view, the professionals considered the application of a CB as feasible and acceptable, highlighting the increased communication, knowledge and participation in the prevention of PI as benefits. Patients considered the application of CB as acceptable by increasing their participation in care, promoting interaction with staff and providing easy to-understand information. Conclusion: The CB methodology improves the prevention of PI in hospitalized adults. More and higher quality studies are needed to assess its effectiveness. It would be advisable to standardize the use of a unique indicator of results that would allow comparison between CB with different contents, preferably the incidence or prevalence of PI hospital acquired (AU)

Perceptions and concerns about sustainable healthcare of nursing students trained in sustainability and health: A cohort study.

AIM: To describe nursing students' perceptions of sustainable health education in the nursing curriculum and their concerns about sustainable healthcare and the impact of climate change on nursing. BACKGROUND: Sustainable health education involves education on the impact of climate change on health and the impact of healthcare on the environment. The effectiveness of sustainable health education in improving attitudes, knowledge and skills in sustainable healthcare has been demonstrated. However, there is a need to study students' perceptions of this and their concerns about achieving sustainable healthcare from the use and disposal of healthcare resources. DESIGN: A cohort study with an inductive content analysis of open-ended questions included in a survey. METHODS: The study was carried out with undergraduate nursing students throughout their four-year undergraduate academic program using scenario-based learning and augmented reality related to sustainability, climate change and health. As students were exposed to three educational interventions, they completed a survey of open-ended questions about their perceptions of their environmental sustainability training in the nursing curriculum, their concerns about the resources' used in healthcare and their perceptions of the impact of climate change on the nursing profession. RESULTS: Students identified content in the nursing degree program on climate change and health and hospital waste segregation. They also demanded more content on 'low environmental impact nursing care' when their clinical practice training increased. Students were concerned about the excessive and unnecessary use of materials in healthcare, especially in the post-pandemic period, the lack of environmental awareness of healthcare professionals and the lack of power to change the situation. They recognised the lack of proper waste segregation in healthcare settings, no recycling bins and little reuse of materials. They were also concerned about the polluting disposal of material. They perceived important impacts of climate change on nursing, such as patient care due to increased pollution-related diseases, including foetal malformations and new health care needs arising from weather conditions. Finally, students were concerned about the impact this will have on nursing care work and require 'nursing leadership in environmental awareness'. CONCLUSIONS: Students demand more training in low environmental impact healthcare and innovative educational practices are effective in this regard. Appropriate Sustainable Healthcare Education can make future health professionals more environmentally aware and enable them to lead the shift towards climate-smart care. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Students demand more training in low environmental impact healthcare and perceive significant impacts of climate change on nursing.

Algorithm for the differential diagnosis between dependence-related skin injuries and severe life-threatening skin injuries.

AIM: To develop a diagnostic algorithm to differentiate dependence-related skin injuries (avoidable) from severe life-threatening skin injuries (unavoidable). METHOD: A nominal group technique was used. Six experts with extensive knowledge of these types of injuries were selected for the group. All were nurses with a PhD in wound research and had more than 15 years of experience in wound care. The experts were asked only one question: In your opinion, what are the basic and indispensable aspects to differentiate a dependence-related skin injury (DR-SI) from a severe life-threatening skin injury (SLT-SI)? RESULTS: The experts identified three basic elements to differentiate DL-SI and SLT-SI (clinical situation, provision of care, and clinical characteristics of the lesions). A diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate the two types of skin lesions using the three basic elements identified, a literature review, and what was published in the two articles that define DR-SI and STL-SI. CONCLUSION: We developed a diagnostic algorithm to differentiate dependence-related skin injuries (avoidable) from severe life-threatening skin injuries (unavoidable). The algorithm also facilitates the identification of the subtypes of these injuries, depending on its location and characteristics.

Effectiveness of scenario-based learning and augmented reality for nursing students' attitudes and awareness toward climate change and sustainability.

BACKGROUND: Mainstreaming sustainable healthcare into the curricula of health professions is a key action to raise awareness and change attitudes. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the contribution of scenario-based learning and augmented reality to the environmental awareness and attitudes toward climate change and sustainability among undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: This study was designed as a time-series analysis. Undergraduate nursing students in their 3 years were introduced to sustainability and climate change in the context of healthcare through scenario-based learning sessions. Questionnaires were used to collect data on participants' attitudes towards sustainability and climate change, the usefulness of the educational sessions and the extent to which students changed their clinical practice. A data summary, related sample Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to test for differences in survey scores. RESULTS: Attitudes and environmental awareness toward climate change and sustainability increased significantly as students received the learning sessions over the 3 years. After their first clinical training period, students already showed a high awareness of unsustainable practices in their working environment; however, they still struggled to apply sustainability and address unsustainable practices in healthcare settings. Most students felt that the scenarios helped them to make links between climate change, resources, and health. CONCLUSIONS: The scenario-based learning and augmented reality increase environmental awareness and attitudes toward climate change and sustainability among nursing students. Students are very aware of unsustainable practices in their work environment, but more work needs to be done on the application of sustainability principles to nursing practice.

Effects of climate change in the elderly's health: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change is a global problem that affects human health, especially the most vulnerable groups, including the elderly. However, no scope review includes the perspective of institutions specialised in climate change and health and whose reports are the basis for policies orientated on the environmental health. Therefore, this study aims to identify these effects on older people health. The results will allow health professionals to have valuable information enabling them to provide quality care in meeting the demand that this situation is producing. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A scoping review of the relevant literature will be performed from 2008 to 2021. The Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the PRISMA-Scoping Review Extension checklist will be used. A peer-reviewed search will be conducted using the electronic databases Medline, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, PsycINFO and Cuiden Plus between October and December 2021. Original quantitative studies and reports from official agencies on the effects of climate change on the elderly health in any health and geographical context will be included. Literature selection will be made by two reviewers. The table format used for data extraction will be reviewed by the review team and tested by two reviewers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study does not require approval by an ethics committee to be conducted. This article will result in the mapping of the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the health of the elderly. The results will be published in scientific journals to be accessible to health professionals in the creation of care plans for the elderly at climate risk.

Nursing Education in a Real-Life Context: The Teaching Ward Round.

Education in nursing is continually changing. The didactic methods used in other fields may be useful for closing the gap between theoretical learning and the reality of practical nursing. This study aimed to determine the association between a teaching model centered on the reality of nursing care, which is individualized to each context, and knowledge acquisition. A controlled experimental study was conducted with random allocation to two groups of students in their second year of a nursing degree (University of Jaén). The control group undertook practical work placements according to the traditional model. The intervention group participated in a "teaching round" during their practical placements. Knowledge tests were conducted after the placements. No significant differences were found for age or education level between the students of the control group (n = 46) and the intervention group (n = 48). In terms of the association between participation in the teaching round and the knowledge test (maximum score of 10), the mean grade in the intervention group was 8.83 ± 0.22, while it was 7.68 ± 0.23 in the control group (p = 0.001). The teaching round increased the student's acquisition of knowledge, even though this was not reflected in the global grade of the course.

Development and validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Barriers questionnaire in hospital nurses in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a new questionnaire to measure the nurses' perceptions of the barriers towards the prevention of pressure injuries (PIs) at hospitals. DESIGN: Validation study with mixed methods. SETTING: Four university hospitals in southern Spain. PARTICIPANTS: The questionnaire was developed based on a literature review. A panel of 14 wound care experts rated the content validity. A sample of 438 nurses (registered nurses and assistant nurses) participated in the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Barriers (PIPB) questionnaire evaluated were: content validity, internal consistency reliability and construct validity. RESULTS: The final version of the questionnaire has 25 items grouped into four factors (management and organisation, motivation and priority, knowledge, and staff and collaboration). The confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit and error indices for the model (Comparative Fit Index=0.92, root mean square error of approximation=0.074). Cronbach's alpha was 0.90 (overall), and 0.89 (factor 1), 0.75 (factor 2), 0.72 (factor 3) and 0.45 (factor 4). Construct validity was good, demonstrated by the expected association with the scores on patient safety culture and on considering PIs as an adverse effect of hospital stay, but not with attitude score. CONCLUSION: The PIPB questionnaire is an instrument useful for measuring nurses' perceptions of the barriers to PIs prevention. The initial evidence shows that the questionnaire has good content validity, internal consistency and adequate construct validity. Relevance and comprehensiveness need to be assessed in further studies. It can be used both in research and in the evaluation of clinical settings to implementation of PIs preventive programmes in hospitals.

Attitudes of Spanish Nurses towards Pressure Injury Prevention and Psychometric Characteristics of the Spanish Version of the APuP Instrument.

The prevention of pressure injuries in hospitalised patients is a critical point of care related to patient safety. Nurses play a key role in pressure injury (PI) prevention, making it important to assess not only their knowledge but also their attitude towards prevention. The main purpose of this study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Attitude towards Pressure ulcer Prevention instrument (APuP); a secondary aim was to explore the associations of attitude with other factors. A Spanish version was developed through a translation and back-translation procedure. The validation study was conducted on a sample of 438 nursing professionals from four public hospitals in Spain. The analysis includes internal consistency, confirmatory factorial analysis, and construct validity in known groups. The 12-item Spanish version of the APuP fit well in the 5-factor model, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.7. The mean APuP score was 39.98, which means a positive attitude. Registered nurses have a slightly better attitude than Assistant nurses. A moderate correlation (R = 0.32) between knowledge and attitude for the prevention of PI was found. As concluded, the Spanish version of the APuP questionnaire is a valid, reliable and useful tool to measure the attitude toward PI prevention in Spanish-speaking contexts. This version has 12 items grouped into 5 factors, and its psychometric properties are similar to those of the original instrument.

Necesidades atendidas por las personas cuidadoras familiares de mayores dependientes en un hospital de media-larga estancia / Basic needs met by caregivers of older relatives in a long-term care hospital

OBJETIVOS: Identificar las características de las personas cuidadoras familiares de mayores dependientes en un hospital de media-larga estancia, conocer la intensidad del cuidado, describir la labor cuidadora que realizan dichas personas en el hospital e identificar su nivel de sobrecarga y ansiedad. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Sagaz de Jaén (Andalucía, España). Muestra no probabilística de 270 personas cuidadoras familiares de mayores dependientes. Mediciones principales: necesidades básicas atendidas por las personas cuidadoras familiares durante la estancia en el hospital (según índice de Barthel), sobrecarga subjetiva (índice Esfuerzo del cuidador) y ansiedad (escala de Hamilton). Análisis principales: análisis descriptivo mediante porcentajes, medias, desviaciones típicas e intervalos de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de las personas cuidadoras estudiadas eran mujeres (87%), hija o hijo de la persona cuidada (54%), que compartía residencia con esta (68%) y a la que cuidaba en el domicilio antes de ingresar en el hospital (73%). En el hospital atendieron una media de 4,87 actividades básicas de la vida diaria. Las necesidades básicas más atendidas fueron: alimentación (83%), micción (83%), aseo personal (73%), empleo de ducha o baño (69%). El 46,3% de las personas cuidadoras presentó sobrecarga subjetiva y el 60,7%, ansiedad. CONCLUSIONES: La persona cuidadora hospitalaria es mujer, ama de casa, hija de la persona cuidada y comparte domicilio con esta. La intensidad del cuidado es alta. Las necesidades de alimentación, ducha o baño y aseo personal son las más prevalentes. Dichas cuidadoras presentan altos niveles de sobrecarga y ansiedad

OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of family caregivers of elderly dependents in a hospital of medium-long stay, know the intensity of care, describe the care work performed by these caregivers and identify their level of subjective burden and anxiety. METHOD: Cross-sectional study in the Hospital Universitario Dr. Sagaz (Jaén, Andalusia, Spain). Non-probabilistic sample of 270 family caregivers of dependent elderly were recruited. Main measures: basic needs attended by family caregivers in the hospital (according to the Barthel Index), subjective burden (Caregiver Strain Index) and anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale). Main analyses: descriptive analysis using percentages, means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: the majority of the caregivers studied were women (87%), daughter or son of the care recipient (54%) who shared a residence with him or her (68%) and already care for her or him at home before entering the hospital (73%). In the hospital, caregivers attended an average of 4.87 basic activities of daily life. The most frequently attended basic needs were: nutrition (83%), micturition (83%), personal hygiene (73%) and shower or bath use (69%). CONCLUSIONS: The hospital caregiver is a woman, housekeeper, daughter of the care recipient and shares home with him/her. The intensity of care is high. The needs of nutrition shower or bath and personal hygiene are the most prevalent. These caregivers have high levels of burden and anxiety

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge Questionnaire in Spanish Nurses.

Pressure injuries (PIs) are a major health problem with severe implications for patients. Professionals who care for people at risk should have high knowledge about PIs prevention. The actual knowledge can be measured using different tools, but we have found no questionnaire to measure the knowledge on PIs prevention developed and validated for Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire in Spanish to measure the knowledge about PIs prevention based on current international guidelines. Content validity was evaluated by 12 experts in wound care. A convenience sample of 438 nursing professionals from Spain participated to evaluate the questionnaire using item analysis, Rasch model, and known-groups validity. The PI Prevention Knowledge (PIPK) questionnaire shows good discrimination and difficulty indices. The 31-item PIPK shows good fit and reliability of 0.98 for items and 0.72 for people; also, it has enough evidence for construct validity. Because the questionnaire has been developed based on the recommendations from international guidelines, the English version of this questionnaire could be used in further studies to test its psychometric properties.

Design and Validation of a Questionnaire on Communicating Bad News in Nursing: A Pilot Study.

Communicating bad news (CBN) is a fundamental skill in nursing; nevertheless, few instruments exist for its evaluation. This study presents a questionnaire designed to measure nurses' knowledge and ability of CBN, as well as the analysis of its psychometric properties. Based on a literature search, the initial dimensions of CBN were identified to construct the questionnaires' items, which were evaluated by experts for the validity of the items' contents. Construct validity and reliability of the resulting questionnaire was carried out in a sample of 71 nurses of an Andalusian university hospital. A questionnaire with 25 items was constructed with a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.816). The content validity was evaluated via a literature review and additionally by the assessment of seven experts. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO) obtained a score of 0.683, and the Bartlett test of sphericity a value of p < 0.001. The principal component analysis supported a construct of four dimensions. This questionnaire was found to be a valid and reliable instrument with a high internal consistency for the evaluation of CBN knowledge and skills of nursing professionals.

The Effectiveness of Advanced Practice Nurses with Respect to Complex Chronic Wounds in the Management of Venous Ulcers.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced practice nurses with respect to complex chronic wounds (APN-CCWs) in the care of patients with venous ulcers. A multicentric, quasi-experimental pre-post study was conducted without a control group in the sanitary management areas where the APN-CCW program is being piloted. The intervention consisted of a mass training of clinical nurses from the participating districts on the proper management of injuries and the use of compression therapy. The data were collected through a specifically constructed questionnaire with questions regarding descriptive variables of injuries and their treatment. A total of 643 professionals responded (response rate of 89.1%), attending to a total population of 707,814 inhabitants. An increase in multilayer bandage use by 15.67%, an increase in elastic bandage use by 13.24%, and a significant decrease in the referral of patients to consultation with hospital specialists was achieved, from 21.08% to 12.34%. The number of patients referred to the APNs was 13.25%, which implied a resolution rate of 94.08% of their injuries. In conclusion, the coordination by the APN-CCWs in patients with venous ulcers was effective in improving the continuity of care, in the optimization of resources, and in their care role.

Knowledge about the Care of People with Alzheimer's Disease of the Nursing Staff of Nursing Homes in Spain.

People with Alzheimer's disease often live in nursing homes. Updated knowledge among the nursing staff has led to better quality of care. The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about the care of people with Alzheimer's disease of the nursing staff of nursing homes in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 nursing homes in the province of Jaén (Spain) with a sample of 361 members of staff, i.e., registered nurses (RNs), assistant nurses (ANs), and eldercare workers (EWs). The University of Jaén UJA-Alzheimer's Care Scale was used to measure the knowledge. The knowledge was higher among the RNs (83.3% of the maximum) than among the ANs and EWs (71.6%). Work experience and updated training were associated with the knowledge score in RNs, but only the updated training in ANs and EWs. Nursing homes with less experienced nursing staff and with a small proportion of staff receiving training on dementia have a low knowledge score. The nursing staff of nursing homes in Jaén have medium to high knowledge about Alzheimer's care. There is a wide range of variation in the knowledge score among the nursing homes. Up-to-date staff training in dementia care is the factor with the strongest association with knowledge.

Instrumentos de medición de las actitudes y las barreras para la prevención de lesiones por presión: revisión de la bibliografía / Instruments for measuring attitudes and barriers to pressure injury prevention: literature review

Objetivos: a) identificar los instrumentos para medir las actitudes de profesionales de enfermería hacia la prevención de las lesiones por presión (LPP); b) identificar los instrumentos para medir las barreras para la prevención de LPP dirigidos a profesionales de enfermería; c) analizar las propiedades psicométricas de estos instrumentos. Metodología: Revisión de la bibliografía sobre estudios de desarrollo, validación y uso de instrumentos sobre actitudes y barreras para la prevención de las LPP, en profesionales de enfermería. Se ha realizado la búsqueda sobre 12 bases de datos bibliográficas, hasta diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos que utilizasen instrumentos, cuestionarios o test, que determinasen las actitudes y las barreras de los profesionales o estudiantes de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis descriptiva. Resultados: Se han encontrado 33 artículos sobre instrumentos de actitudes hacia la prevención, que describen un total de 5 cuestionarios. Solo dos han sido usados en varios estudios: Escala de actitudes hacia la prevención de las UPP de Moore y Price (rango de fiabilidad 0,63-0,88) y Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (rango de fiabilidad: 0,66-0,91). Respecto a barreras para la prevención de las LPP se han encontrado 18 estudios que describen instrumentos de medición, de los cuales solo 5 presentan datos de propiedades psicométricas. La falta de tiempo es la barrera citada más frecuentemente. Conclusión: Existen dos cuestionarios validados para medir las actitudes de enfermeras hacia la prevención de las LPP, aunque no tienen versión en español. Hay una diversidad de cuestionarios para establecer las barreras para la prevención, pero ninguno cuenta con una sólida evaluación psicométrica

Aim: a) To identify the instruments to measure the attitudes of nurses towards the pressure injuries (PI) prevention; b) To identify the instruments to measure the barriers or obstacles to PI prevention aimed at nurses; c) To analyze the psychometric properties of these instruments. Methodology: Review of the literature on the development, validation and use of instruments on attitudes and barriers to PI prevention, aimed at nursing professionals. The search was carried out on 12 bibliographic databases until December 2018. Quantitative studies using instruments, questionnaires or tests were included to determine the attitudes and barriers of nursing professionals or students. A descriptive synthesis was carried out. Results: We found 33 articles on instruments of attitudes towards prevention, which describe a total of 5 questionnaires. Only two have been used in various studies: Moore and Price Staff Attitude Scale (reliability range: 0.63 - 0.88) and Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (reliability range: 0.66 - 0.91). With regard to barriers to the prevention of LPP, 18 studies have been found that describe measurement instruments; only 5 of those shown data on psychometric properties. Lack of time is the most frequently cited barrier. Conclusions: There are two validated questionnaires to measure nurses' attitudes towards PI prevention, although none of those have a Spanish version. There are a variety of questionnaires to establish barriers to prevention, but none have a solid psychometric assessment

Burden and Anxiety in Family Caregivers in the Hospital That Debut in Caregiving.

This cross-sectional study aims to determine the level of subjective burden and anxiety of caregivers of dependent older relatives that start providing care in the hospital and to analyse the relationship between objective burden, subjective burden and anxiety in these caregivers. Seventy-two caregivers of dependent older relatives were recruited in a medium-long stay hospital. Sociodemographic variables, number of basic activities of daily living (ADLs) attended, hours of surveillance, burden, and anxiety were collected from caregivers. A trajectory analysis was used to analyse the relationship between variables. Of the caregivers, 36.1% had subjective burden and 14.9% had anxiety. Subjective burden was positively associated with the number of basic ADLs attended, the hours of surveillance, and the cognitive impairment of the care recipient. Anxiety was also positively associated with subjective burden. Subjective burden mediated the effects of the number of basic ADLs attended, hours of surveillance and the cognitive impairment of the care recipient on anxiety. The levels of subjective burden and anxiety in caregivers debuting in hospital care are elevated, showing the need for these caregivers to be cared for. Subjective burden is a possible risk factor for anxiety, independent of the objective burden; it may buffer the effects of objective burden on anxiety.

Coping and Anxiety in Caregivers of Dependent Older Adult Relatives.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping and anxiety in caregivers of dependent older adult relatives. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the province of Jaén (Andalusia, Spain). The convenience sample consisted of 198 family caregivers of dependent older adults. The main measurements were anxiety (Hamilton scale), coping (Brief COPE), subjective burden (Caregiver Strain Index), objective burden and sex of the caregiver. The main analyses were bivariate analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multivariate analysis using multiple linear regression. An independent regression model was developed for anxiety and each type of coping, adjusting for sex, subjective burden and objective burden. Our results demonstrate that anxiety was negatively associated with planning (partial r = -0.18), acceptance (partial r = -0.22) and humor (partial r = -0.20), and it was positively associated with self-distraction (partial r = 0.19), venting (partial r = 0.22), denial (partial r = 0.27) and self-blame (partial r = 0.25). Planning, acceptance and humor coping strategies may be protective factors of anxiety. Strategies such self-management, relief, denial and self-blame may be risk factors for anxiety.

Measuring knowledge of Alzheimer's: development and psychometric testing of the UJA Alzheimer's Care Scale.

BACKGROUND: Care for people with Alzheimer's disease or other dementias should be based on up-to-date clinical practice guidelines. The education and training of nurses and other healthcare staff in dementia is a key factor in providing quality care. Knowledge of Alzheimer's disease can be measured through questionnaires. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure Alzheimer's disease knowledge among both nursing staff and students. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study undertaken in three stages: 1) development of the questionnaire and item wording; 2) content validation by an expert panel; 3) questionnaire testing with two samples to establish psychometric properties. Sample 1 comprised 361 Registered Nurses, Assistant Nurses and eldercare workers from 24 nursing homes in Jaén (southern Spain). Sample 2 comprised 297 nursing students. The data were analysed through item analysis and a Rasch model. Convergent and construct validity and internal consistency were also examined. RESULTS: The 23-item UJA Alzheimer's Care Scale shows good outfit and infit values based on the Rasch model. One item presented differential functioning between Registered Nurses and Assistant Nurses. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the UJA Alzheimer's Care Scale and the Spanish version of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 showed strong agreement among nursing staff (0.63) and students (0.79). The scale is able to distinguish between professionals with low or high knowledge of Alzheimer's care. The overall Cronbach's alphas were 0.70 (nursing staff) and 0.82 (nursing students). The intraclass correlation coefficient between the first test and the retest was good (0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The UJA Alzheimer's Care Scale is a useful tool for measuring knowledge of Alzheimer's disease and dementia care among nursing professionals or nursing students. The initial validation study obtained good psychometric properties concerning validity and reliability.

Perceived Needs of The Family Caregivers of People with Dementia in a Mediterranean Setting: A Qualitative Study.

The purpose of this study was to identify, classify and analyze the perceived needs of caregivers of elderly people with dementia during the care process. A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study using seven focus groups was conducted in different primary health care centers in the province of Jaén (Spain) between July 2012 and February 2013. Eighty-two family caregivers who were caring for people with dementia in different stages of the disease were selected by purposeful maximum variation sampling. Data were analyzed and organized thematically, considering the semantic and pragmatic content and field notes. Two main categories of the perceived needs of caregivers were identified. The first was related to the management of caring for a relative with dementia, and the second was related to the management of the caregivers' own care. Our findings support the provision of comprehensive interventions for the improvement of caregivers' emotional health that encompass more than one care need. This is where psycho-educational interventions aimed at managing the various aspects of dementia and self-care in caregivers can be accommodated. In addition, proactive interventions to develop important skills to care for a relative with dementia, which are not perceived as needs by the caregivers, are needed. These include skills in family negotiation, planning and searching for resources outside the family.